A Note on the Text:
This essay will be a challenging read. Do your best, and we will be addressing any questions or confusion next week Tuesday during class.
Please know I am NOT expecting you to understand everything you read here. Indeed, you do not have to understand everything in Freud’s essay to excel in this class! Your main goal here is to begin tracing the differences between mourning and melancholia.
In Freud’s essay, he elaborates upon two different psychological reactions to loss: mourning and melancholia (duh). In speaking about loss, Freud is not speaking JUST about the loss of a loved one due to death, but a number of different kinds of losses that people experience regularly in their lives: the loss of a job, the loss of one’s home, the loss of a belief in some higher ideal, etc.
According to his analysis, mourning is a “healthy” response to loss, whereas melancholia is an “unhealthy” or “pathological” response to loss.
At a VERY basic level, mourning entails the ability to “get over” loss, and melancholia entails the inability to “get over” loss.
Some Key Terms*:
*Thanks to The Internet™ for these definitions.
Reality testing: A process of distinguishing one’s internal thoughts, feelings, and ideas from external reality. In other words, in the process of reality testing, one might ask themselves, “Are my thoughts and emotions reflective of the actual circumstances/realities of my life? Am I overreacting? Am I in denial?”
Psychosis: A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality. In other words, one’s ability to reality test is severely compromised.
Libido: The Latin word libido, meaning “desire, lust,” was borrowed by Sigmund Freud as the name for a concept in his own theories. At first, he defined libido to mean the instinctual energy associated with the sex drive. Later he broadened the word’s meaning and began using it to mean the mental energy behind purposeful human activity of any kind; in other words, the libido (for which Freud also used the term eros, a Greek word meaning “sexual love”) came to be regarded as the life instinct, which included sex along with all the other impulses we rely on to keep us alive. This includes the very deep emotional and mental attachments we make to others in our lives.
Ego: The part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity. You might also think of the ego as a person’s sense of self-esteem or self-importance.
Object Choice: A person or thing external to the ego chosen as a focus of desire OR sexual activity.
Cathexis: The concentration of mental or emotional energy to a person, object, or idea.
Ambivalence: The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. This is often extreme, according to Freud, consisting of a simultaneous feeling of loving and hating an object.
After You Read “Mourning and Melancholia”
DO NOT READ THE RESPONSES OF YOUR CLASSMATES YET. Try to address the following questions to the best of your ability WITHOUT consulting what your classmates have written. Please compose approximately two or three paragraphs, with each paragraph containing at least six to seven sentences. Submit your response below as a comment.
COMPLETE BY TUESDAY, 9/19 @ 5 PM.
- Describe in what context you first encountered the words “mourning” and “melancholia.” How would you have defined these terms BEFORE reading Freud’s essay?
- To the best of your ability, and in your own words, explain the key differences between the concepts of mourning and melancholia as they are presented by Freud. What, in other words, does mourning “look like” according to Freud? What does melancholia “look like”? What are their similarities? What are their differences?
- To help you describe these terms, please provide an illustrative example from a movie, a book, a TV show, your own life, or your imagination to help better demonstrate the difference between these two terms. DO YOUR BEST. IT IS OK IF YOU DO NOT GET IT QUITE RIGHT!